Day lighting is one of the important qualitative factors in housing, which is also effective on health and well-being of occupants. Extensive glass surfaces and Transparency in building facades provides good daylight quantity for interior spaces. However, this lighting system is not appropriate for climates faced with higher sunlight radiation (Such as hot-humid areas), due to overheating and disturbing the thermal comfort. There are efficient day lighting strategies in the traditional Iranian architecture as one of the valuable remaining heritages of Human experiences, which are useful for contemporary architecture. This article intends to investigate daylight quality in the houses of Bushehr from Qajar period by modeling and simulating in daylight calculation software (Dialux) and identify day lighting strategies utilized in these houses. As Bushehr city is located in the hot-humid region of Iran, is faced with high sunlight radiation, making balance between receiving light and heat gain through windows needs careful attention. The houses of Qajar period in Bushehr are evolved samples of traditional architecture in the city and Rashidy house (built in 1893) is one of them which its form and details can reveal many lessons on coping with climate by merely using renewable energies.

The present study is in order to investigate the temperament of home spaces based on the presence of four elements. The four elements, in addition to the direct effects on how to choose effective climatic solutions in architecture, have affected the temperament of the living spaces of the residents.The temperament of the space has led to the formation of unique features in each architectural work, including the architecture of houses in the historical context of Bushehr. In this research, by selecting the houses and mansions of Bushehr historical context as a statistical population, the temperament characteristics of its spaces in terms of how the four elements of the environment are affected have been discussed and analyzed. This is important with the aim of finding factors in the architecture of traditional houses and mansions of Bushehr due to the effects of the environment on its temperament by recognizing the temperament characteristics of each space by studying the presence of four characteristics of the environment as representative of the four main temperaments, ie four elements; water (humidity and sultry), wind (air flow), soil (structure and connection with the earth) and fire (sun) are performed on the spaces of the house, each of which represents the main temperaments. Therefore, this study seeks to analyze the temperament of home spaces based on the presence of four elements? And what are the temperament characteristics of the spaces in the historical houses of Bushehr? Research method In this research, it is a descriptive, descriptive-analytical method and content analysis of resources to identify sources and basics; Data analysis has been done to analyze the houses of Bushehr historical context in two methods of sampling (deductive) and detailed analysis in order to reach a general (inferential) result. In accordance with the field findings and case studies, the spaces in the houses of the historical context of Bushehr include; Yard, mahtabi, roof and staircase, porch and entrance hall, Shanshir, Tarmeh, corridors and escalators, rooms (in the types of five-door, four-door and three-door with one side opening, five-door, four-door and three-door with two-sided opening, five-door, four-door and three-door With three and four sides of the opening), reception (guest house), chamber (dining room), closet (chest of drawers), kitchen (kitchen), basin and toilets, the temperament characteristics of the spaces were examined. According to the findings, the results of the study of home space in the historical context of Bushehr are as follows: The temperament of the main living spaces and related spaces is balanced, warm, hot and dry (Rooms three, four and fifty and Shanashir); Sub-residential spaces are cold-tempered (Closet, safe and rooms without opening); The temperament of open living spaces is warm and humid (Moonlight, Tarmeh and Bam); The temperament of communication spaces is balanced (Entrance halls, corridors, stairs and stairs); And service spaces are cold-tempered. (Kitchen, basin, water storage and services). Each of the elements and organs of the houses of Bushehr's historical context has its own temperament. Just as man has the most balanced temperament among creatures, and each organ has its own temperament, The elements of these houses are also built next to each other in order to create a balance of temperament. It is also more balanced than the environment and is effective with the lack of intensification of temperament characteristics of people living in houses of historical texture due to the temperament of space. The results of the analysis of the relationship between the temperament of the environment and the spaces of houses in the historical context of Bushehr show that The spaces that are the place of party, living and family residence are warm-tempered, lively spaces that are in line with the behavior of the often warm-tempered residents. Also, the dryness of the temperament of these spaces is in contrast to the more temperament of the environment and the inhabitants, which balances the humidity of the temperament of the environment and the people living in it, in order to prevent boredom and numbness in the space. The pauses between spaces and the entrances from the open space to the closed space are balanced. The central courtyard, entrance porch, corridors and stairs are among these spaces and the reason is the presence of four elements in the best possible way in these spaces, which have formed the moderate temperament of the space. Service spaces, ie safes, closets, kitchens and basins, due to the absence of the sun, are often cold-tempered, and activity in these spaces, which in turn causes the body to warm up and it acts to regulate the body's mood and helps people's health. The most important result of this study is to investigate the existence of diversity in the temperament of home spaces in the historical context of Bushehr, so that each of the spaces is appropriate and appropriate to how the residents live and work in it and people can be based on physical needs, and life in the spaces of Bushehr's home.

Gender is the expression of social and cultural identity of women and men in society. This notion should have balance due to the various factors such as cultural, religious and social beliefs, norms and values, the freedom level of men and women in family and society, the power structure (patriarchal and matriarchal) and the extent of cooperation between two genders for livelihoods. The concept of gender is an adaptable issue based on various factors such as economic, political, social and cultural factors which changes with the change of society (spatially and temporally). In other words, each culture ranks roles of both sexes. The differences in gender roles are defined based on various factors such as economic situations, environment, adaptation strategies and degree of complexity of societies. These appear as actuality about the characteristics of a woman or a man in community minds. There are various point-of-views with social phenomena associated with gender at different times and locations in a variety of ways. Therefore, in the future, it might have other meanings. In the context of gender-space relations in traditional society, the influence of gender on livelihood culture is considered. Livelihoods shape gender roles as well as the attitude toward gender. Housing as a symbol of human thought always reflects the type of human thinking, its attitudes and perspectives. Therefore, based on the prevailing thought of humans in different societies, the causes and ways of shaping different housing structures can be found. The purpose of this paper is to examine the degree of importance, dimensions and gender components in shaping traditional house. To this end, by choosing 8 cases of the Qajar houses in the old context of the cities of “ Bushehr” and “ Rasht” , we investigate the influences of livelihood ways and gender on shaping and spatial structures of the house. In this paper, using comparative analysis and case study method, we also compare physical and spatial elements of houses including entrance, guest room, living room and kitchen. The general hypothesis of the research is the different ways of traditional livelihoods in Guilan and Bushehr differentiated the definition of gender in these two regions which is visible in the structure of traditional houses. To evaluate this hypothesis, after reviewing the subject literature and in order to clarify the issue, a number of traditional homes belonging to the Qajar period are selected. Then their physical and spatial elements are analyzed while gender-space relations are evaluated and compared by examining three issues of gendered domains, spatial hierarchy and privacy in the houses of two climates. So, the questions of this article are: 1) Is the formation of Qajar houses related to gender and livelihoods in Gilan and Bushehr? 2) Given the adaptability of the gender, does the reflection of the shape and space of the houses in the two regions follow it? 3) Which shapes and spatial elements in the studied houses will distinguish the gender differences according to the way of livelihood? The results suggest that expanding gender realms, space resolution and border areas in the traditional houses of Bushehr, are the result of the men’ s livelihood and women’ s domestic work. But the lack of gender boundaries and physical barriers in houses of Gilan are due to cooperative livelihood. Presented analyses show that climate, culture and livelihood ways influence on the construction of gender. Therefore, the factors emanating from gender such as gender realms, spatial hierarchy and privacy, provide identity for the houses in Gilan and Bushehr. The results of comparative analysis of the physical and spatial elements of houses show that: Living spaces in both regions are shaped by the influence of gender which includes the cultural, environmental, social, historical and political origins of that region. It is a scheme that is manifested by climate extraversion and cultural introversion consistent with climate and culture. In houses of Gilan, private-area spaces at different times of the day can be combined or segregated with the realm of the public. But in Bushehr, this is only true in certain circumstances, such as holding meetings and ceremonies. In the houses of Bushehr with one yard, the guest room (mozyf) normally lies near the entrance hall. So, the guest will be accommodated without entering into the privacy of the home. Regarding to respect the privacy and importance of the guest in some houses in Bushehr, there is a courtyard with its own special spaces called external which is designed especially for guests. Guest rooms in Gilan homes have high levels of interaction with other areas. So, the first room after the entrance to the porch, or a room in the cellar or even sometimes part of the Ivan is located as a guest’ s seat.

An essential feature in spatial arrangements of Persian plateau, the central courtyard is an integrated solution for both material and spiritual needs of its inhabitants. The arrangement is much influenced by its surrounding environment both in its formal composition (overall geometry versus the geometry of details), and construction methods (materials and technology). It thus exploits all potential advantages of the environment with the least possible intervention (deformation or pollution). Prudent treatment of natural elements (sun, wind, water, and soil) has created a pleasant comfortable microclimate in the harsh warm desert climate. The "Central Courtyard or the City-House" thus creates a shelter which harmonizes with the sun movement and demonstrates the nature in an intelligent abstract way which bestows it with an archetypal dimension. On the other hand, the progressive Sustainable Architecture approach which values design solutions in response to socioeconomic, cultural and environmental constraints, recommends techniques in line with the central courtyard arrangement in the plateau. Therefore the arrangement can be constituted as functional and thus learnt from in the present context.

Rural houses in Bushehr are a valuable part of of Iran's architectural history that have taken shape based on their climatic, cultural, and economic needs. To fully understand their value, extensive research is needed. One important aspect of this value is the recognition of the privacy provided by these structures, which is crucial for their inhabitants. Although various factors contribute to the formation of privacy, spatial organization can be identified as the most significant. Therefore, in order to better understand the formation of privacy and how Bushehr's rural houses respond to it, the spatial organization of these houses needs to be analyzed. Nine rural houses were purposefully selected from the surveyed villages to achieve this goal. Then, five indicators of privacy measurement, including hierarchy of access, public and private spaces, connection and visual privacy, visual access and legibility, were extracted from theoretical research foundations. In the next stage, graph analysis technique was used to extract data from the drawn maps using tools such as connectivity, relationship, step depth, metric depth, and angle of view with the help of Depth Map software for sample analysis. The findings indicate that although houses have similar spatial organization, they differ in depth and hierarchy of access to spaces. The results indicate that differences in the type of access and visibility of spaces have created different boundaries in houses, which in turn affect their level of privacy. In some houses, due to lower levels of connectivity, relationship, and depth indicators, they have less permeability and cohesion, as well as a higher hierarchy of access, resulting in a greater level of privacy. Additionally, rooms (especially bedrooms) and bathrooms, which are part of the private domain, have the greatest depth and the lowest level of connectivity, indicating a higher degree of privacy.

today, considerable amount of energy is spent for heating and cooling indoor environments to provide thermal comfort for the building’s residents. Availability of modern heating and cooling systems caused to pay no attention to non-active solutions in the modern architecture. Greenhouse gas emissions and global warming in recent years and high energy consumption in the residential sector caused more attention to be paid on climatic strategies and more effort is made to use such strategies in local and traditional architecture in modern buildings. Building and climatic strategies used in local and traditional buildings for so many years based on trial and error and these experiences are going to be forgotten. The most traditional buildings in hot and dry climates have been comfortable for residences passively compared to modern buildings and consumed less energy for air conditioning. Located in southern part of Iran, Bushehr with hot and humid climate has a spectacular vernacular architecture. It has many creative architectural aspects applied in order to reduce high air temperature and humidity. These features use two main strategies to moderate the harsh weather condition: shading and natural ventilation. This article aims to identify the effects of thermal passive strategies and features used in vernacular architecture of Bushehr through experimental study. As so in the first step, thermally passive features and elements were described. Second two case studies were selected for experimental data study, one in the coastal area and another inside the city context. The main climate variables including air temperature, relative humidity and wind speed were recorded in a week from 27th September to 27th October. The sensor data loggers were installed in different spaces in the case studied buildings. Based on the results the average indoor air temperature in case studies is 6% less compared to outdoor temperature. While relative humidity is about 18% less than outdoor relative humidity, indoor wind velocity is in thermal comfort zone. The results show that the main passive features used to provide indoor thermal comfort are natural ventilation and shading and the techniques are as follow: a) Catching desired wind flow from sea. b) Use of light color on exterior building envelops. c) Application of materials with low thermal capacity, such as wood in ceiling, windows and shading devices. d) Application of porous local materials (coral stone and gypsum) to prevent humidity absorption in building envelops. e) Design of deep veranda, and shading elements and semi-open spaces called “Tarmeh” to make cool shading spaces. f) Use of central courtyard to make microclimates with lower air temperature and humidity. g) Room arrangement around a central courtyard to provide natural cross ventilation transferring wind flow from alleys to rooms. h) Considerably high height to width ratio of alleys helping to increase wind flow speed and shade building exterior walls. The lessons learned from Bushehr vernacular architecture can be used to define guidelines for new building design in hot and humid climate which leads to reduction in energy consumption and sustainable architecture.

Human spends more than 50 percent of his time inside the house, studies have shown that the built environment can affect human health. The unhealthy house can cause many diseases. Unhelthy houses increase the number of asthma, respiratory and skin allergies and lung diseases. Also accidents and domestic injuries are more in these houses. In addition unhealthy houses affect mental and social well being such as: depression, isolation, stress and behavioral abnormalities. The “Healthy House” is not just designing healthy and hygienic shelter, but also includes complete physical, mental and social well being in the house and the environment.The purpose of this paper is to study the meaning of the “Healthy House” and categorize the theories to determine the definition and presents the parameters of the subject. This paper includes four major parts. First, will be determined the definition of health, house and healthy housing. Then, will be considered the importance of the subject and the relationship between the health and the house. Then, will be discussed the literature review and its place in architecture and categorized the healthy parameters of housing and its risk factors. Finally, it considers that the major risk factors of diseases in house are contains of: damp, aerosols, dust, noise, domestic injuries, inappropriate materials, lack of sunlight, overcrowding, social isolation and etc. By finding out the appropriate solutions, these problems will be prevented.